The following is excerpted and transcribed from the publication Oakland, 1852-1938, Hinkel and McCann, eds., published under the WPA by The Oakland Public Library in 1939. For information on the parenthetical references, see the Foreign Pioneers Index Page
MARY ANN AHEARN who was born in IRELAND passed away on June 4, 1868, in Oakland, California, and was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery (St. M. C.)
"JEREMIAH AHERN born in IRELAND February 4, 1819, married Min Brijit Marnin in Oakland, California, May 29, 1859. He arrived in California, December 6, 1853 by steamer, via Panama. He lived in El Dorado County 1853-56 and in Alameda County 1856-1900." His death occurred in Berkeley, September 26, 1900. (California Pioneer File from California State Library, Sacramento) (Stilwell's Directory, Oakland Library)
JAMES BAILEY, a native of IRELAND died in Oakland California in December 1870. (St. M. C.)
MARY E. BAKER: born in IRELAND; passed away on February 23, 1870, in Oakland and was interred in Mountain View Cemetery here. (M. V. C.)
MARGARET BAMFORD, born in IRELAND in 1798; died in Oakland May 14, 1872. The only Bamfords mentioned in the 1869 directory of Oakland were Edmund L., a harness-maker at Eleventh and Broadway and Dr. William, who was living in Brooklyn Township. Margaret may have been related to either or both. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
DR. WILLIAM BAMFORD, physician and surgeon, was born in IRELAND on June 6, 1820, and was only four years old when he was taken to Canada. He married Cornelia Elizabeth Rand at Santa Rosa, California, on February 16, 1857. During his career as a physician he lived at Santa Rosa, at Healdsburg, in San Francisco, at Ione, and finally at East Oakland, at which place his death was recorded on October 10, 1881.
He was a member of the California State Medical Association and the Alameda County Medical Association. Among his patients at one time was the famous author Robert Louis Stevenson, who afterwards gave Dr. Bamford one of his works with an inscription on the fly leaf that but for Dr. Bamford's skill this would have been the writer's last book. (Stilwell's Directory) (M.V.C.) (California Pioneer File, California State Library at Sacramento)
GEORGE C. BIRMINGHAM a native of IRELAND was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Oakland, California, in January, 1869. (St. M. C.)
ANN BOWEN, who was born in IRELAND in 1835, passed away here in the late '60s. (St. M. C.)
MATTHEW BRANNON was another pioneer from IRELAND who found his final resting place in Oakland in 1869. (St. M. C.)
J. ROSS BROWNE, distinguished early resident of Oakland was a native of IRELAND. When only 18 he was already a reporter in Washington D.C., and at 22 had traveled all over the United States. Then he went to sea and found an abundance of material for his first book, Etchings of a Whaling Cruise, which was followed by The American Family in Germany, The Land of Thor, and Crusoe's Island. His writing was incidental to service with the United States Government in various capacities. He was employed as official reporter of the Constitutional Convention of California at Monterey. IN 1855 he made his home in Oakland after being appointed Special Agent of the U. S. Treasury Department in this state. He traveled widely both in government service and for his own enlightenment and pleasure, and part of the time was accompanied by his family. While in Oakland he was a frequent visitor at John L. Davie's book store.
In 1869 he sold his home on Fifth Street, Oakland, and constructed an attractive residence on Pagoda Hill, about four or five miles north of the center of the city. There he gathered about him the homes and families of his children, but lived to enjoy their company only six years. He died suddenly in 1875. (Halley, P 537) (My Own Story-John L. Davie, chapter 49)
TERESA BRUSO. Birthplace IRELAND; buried in March 1865, in Oakland, California. (St. M. C.)
WILLIAM BURKE. Born in IRELAND. Died in 1870. Buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Oakland. (St. M. C.)
MARY N. CADDY was born in IRELAND. Interred in 1870 in St. Mary's Cemetery, Oakland.
JOHN CARMODY; born in IRELAND in 1826; died in Oakland May 25, 1870. (St. M. C.)
JEREMIAH CALLAGHAN of IRELAND was located here in 1859. Buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in 1869. (Wood, p. 115) (St. M. C.)
JOHN CALHOUN, native of IRELAND passed away in this region on March 1, 1868, and was buried in Oakland. (St. M. C.)
JOHN CASEY, a gardner [sic] of Brooklyn (East Oakland), migrated here from IRELAND in 1857. (Thompson & West, p. 169)
JOHN CONSIDENE; died November 1, 1870.
THOMAS CAVANAUGH; died March 10, 1864.
BRIDGET CLANCY; died September 30, 1869.
The three foregoing were of IRISH birth and found their final resting place in St. Mary's Cemetery, Oakland, on the dates given. (St. M. C.)
LAURENCE CLARK; born in IRELAND; interred in Mountain View Cemetery in December, 1870. (M. V. C.)
WILLIAM CLINTON, 1867;
PATRICK CREELISH, 1867;
MARY CRAWLEY, 1864; all born in IRELAND, and all buried in Oakland in the years indicated. (St. M. C.)
"MRS. ANN CRUESS, a native of IRELAND, 88; came in 1868 and settled in Oakland, where she died; five children survive." (Grizzly Bear Magazine, April, 1922, p. 22)
LAMBERS D. CRUESS, who was born in IRELAND in 1833 was in the paint business in Oakland in the '60s, in the firm of Fessler, Thompson & Cruess. His residence was at Oakland Point, now West Oakland. He died in 1875. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
THOMAS CUFF was born in County Dublin, IRELAND, in 1830. He set out for California in 1856 and came to San Francisco via New York, Cuba and Panama. Soon after arriving he came to Oakland, where he found employment on the farms of various squatters on the old Peralta land grant. In 1858 with his accumulated savings he managed to buy at $40.00 per acre a tract of land totaling fifteen acres; but that little patch of ground is now a part of the City of Oakland. He rose to a position of respect in the community, prospered, built a comfortable home, and brought up a family that was an honor to his name. (Guinn, Vol. I, p. 278)
TIMOTHY DEVINS, native of IRELAND, was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Oakland, on February 18, 1867. (St. M. C.)
HUGH DIMOND was born in County Derry, IRELAND, March 27, 1830. He came to the United States in 1844, remaining for six years in New York City where he served his apprenticeship as a machinist. On June 22, 1850, he reached San Francisco, via the Panama route, tried his luck for two years in the mines, then spent ten years in the mercantile business in Mariposa. In 1862 he came to San Francisco and engaged in the liquor business. He settled in Brooklyn Township (East Oakland), in 1867 and five years later married Miss Ellen Sullivan. Three children, a daughter and two sons, were born to Mr. and Mrs. Dimond.
The name of this foreign-born pioneer in perpetuated in Oakland through the name of Dimond, now grown into the Dimond district, through business firms that use it because of their location in that part of Oakland, and through the name of the Beautiful Dimond Canyon which spreads out near the town. (Wood, p. 874) (Files of Mrs. Franklin Rhoda)
JOHN DOLAN, February 5, 1867; age forty-five
MARIETTA DONLEY, June 5, 1863; both IRISH-born; buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Oakland, in the years indicated. (St. M. C.)
"CATHARINE DONOHUE, since 1853 a resident of Alameda County, passed away at Oakland, March 7. She was a native of IRELAND, aged 88 years, and is survived by six children." (Grizzly Bear Magazine, April, 1917, p. 40)
W. CORNELIUS DONNOVAN, January 12, 1870;
RICHARD DOWLING, December 3, 1865;
JOHANNA DOWNEY, March 21, 1866;
Wm. DOWNEY, December 20, 1866; all born in IRELAND; interred in Oakland on the dates given. (St. M. C.)
J. D. DOYLE arrived here from IRELAND in 1855 and became a farmer in West Oakland. (Thompson & West, p. 167)
MARY DRISCOLL, a native of IRELAND, was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Oakland, in November, 1869. (St. M. C.)
P. DUFFY came to California from IRELAND in 1854. In 1859 he was located in West Oakland where he was engaged in farming. (Thompson & West, p. 167)
M. M. DUNN left his place of birth, IRELAND, for California in 1853. By 1856 he had become a farmer in Temescal (North Oakland). (Thompson & West, p. 167)
ANN DUNNIGAN, August 7, 1865;
ELLEN DWYER, August 8, 1869;
JOHN ENNIS, July 29, 1870;
B. EVOY, December 5, 1867;
MARGARET FALLON, January 8, 1870; all were born in IRELAND and were buried in Oakland, on the dates given. (St. M. C.)
M. FALLON, who was born in IRELAND in 1816, signed the Register of the Society of California Pioneers on December 19, 1866 as a farmer, address Oakland. He came to California via Panama, arriving on February 28, 1849. (Register, Society of California Pioneers, San Francisco.)
MRS. B. FEENEY of Brooklyn Township (East Oakland) came from IRELAND in 1859. Her post office address was Brooklyn (East Oakland). (Thompson & West, p. 167)
W. J. FIELD came to California from IRELAND in 1855 and to Fitchburg (East Oakland) in 1857. He was a manufacturer of saloon fixtures, carriages and wagons. (Thompson & West, p. 169)
WILLIAM GAGAN, early Oakland publisher, was born in IRELAND in 1842. He was very active in politics here in the '60s. A man named S. B. English had started the Oakland Press in January, 1863, but failed and sold his equipment to William Gagan, who began publishing the Oakland Daily News in September, 1863. In 1869 he was living on the north side of Ninth Street between Broadway and Washington Street. Died, September 15, 1882. (Wood, p. 638). (M. V. C.)
WILLIAM EDWARD GALLAGHER, April 27. 1868;
MARY GALVIN, November 24, 1869;
BRIDGET GORMAN, December 14, 1867;
BRIDGET GRUSLER, January 31, 1868;
ANN HANLEY, August 9, 1870;
ALICE HANNIFIN, Age 65, May 6, 1870.
All in the above group were born in IRELAND and emigrated to this country. They were buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Oakland, California, on the dates given. (St. M. C.)
JEREMIAH JOSEPH HANIFIN was born in County Kerry, IRELAND, on May 15, 1834. The first home of the family in this country was established in Boston, Massachusetts when Jeremiah was only four years old. By 1852 the young man had reached San Francisco but soon went back to New York. Six years later he established the Great Western Hotel in San Francisco and conducted it until 1865. In Oakland in 1868, he bought from Joseph Dieves the Cosmopolitan Hotel at the corner of Seventh and Broadway, a place well known today (1938) as Dahlke's. Hanifin's place of business was so near to the new County Court House and Hall of Records that it became a gathering place for discussions of political problems and for the exchange of information. The proprietor then entered the local political field. In 1872 he found it desirable to dispose of his hotel and give all his time to a chain of liquor stores he had built up. From 1873 to 1876 he was Fire Commissioner of Oakland and from 1881 to 1890 he was supervisor and chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Alameda County. In 1856 he married Eliza J. Farley in New York and nine children were born to them. (Baker, vol. 2, p. 288) (Guinn, vol. II, p. 632)
BRIDGET HARRIGAN, born in IRELAND, passed away in Oakland in early days. She was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery on October 1, 1869. (St. M. C.)
PATRICK HAYES, a native of IRELAND, owned a saloon on the southeast corner of Broadway and Fourth street in the late '60s. Died September 30, 1883. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
JULIA HORRIGAN; born in IRELAND; buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Oakland on December 28, 1868. (St. M. C.)
CATHARINE HUGHES; of IRISH birth; buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, April 18, 1864. (St. M. C.)
JOHN KANE was born in IRELAND in 1828. In the late '60s he was living in Oakland on the southwest corner of Telegraph and Caledonia Avenues. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
"JAMES N. KANE, a pioneer of '49 and a veteran of the Mexican War, lately passed away at the home of his nieces in Oakland. He was a native of IRELAND, 90 years of age, and was a member of the California Society of Pioneers. (Grizzly Bear Magazine, October, 1907, page 66)
JOHN B. KELLEY was born in IRELAND in 1832. In 1869 he was employed at the Contra Costa Laundry in Oakland and lived at the corner of Fourteenth and Kirkham streets. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
"MISS MARY KELLEY, native of IRELAND, 96; came to California via the Isthmus of Panama in 1850 and after four years' residence in San Francisco settled in Oakland, Alameda County, where she died. She is claimed to have been the state's first woman realtor, and was a charter member of the Pioneer Women of Oakland." (Grizzly Bear Magazine, February, 1931, page 18)
REVEREND FATHER MICHAEL KING was born in IRELAND, but came to California in 1854. In February, 1865, he came to Oakland as the first resident Catholic pastor. It was mainly through his efforts that the Convent of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, on Webster Street, near the head of Lake Merritt was dedicated in 1868. In 1869 he had plans drawn up for a church larger than any building in the state at that time, only a section of which was to be constructed then. By 1872 the new building was finished and dedicated as the Church of the Immaculate Conception.
Father King also conducted the dedication services of St. Joseph's Presentation Convent in Berkeley on May 30, 1878. He was one of the most illustrious Irish-born citizens of early Oakland. (Thompson & West, page 167) (Wood, pages 671, 672, 727, 728, 746, 799)
LAURENCE LANE; born in IRELAND; emigrated to California in 1852 and became a horticulturist at Brooklyn (East Oakland) in 1856. (Thompson & West, page 169)
JOHN J. LAWLER, born in 1827 in IRELAND, was a master of car repairs for the Central Pacific Railroad Company in early days. He maintained his office at Oakland Point and lived on the south side of Goss street between Wood and William Streets. He died in 1882. (Langley's Directory) (M. V. C.)
ROBERT LONGHEAD, January 2, 1870;
ROSE ANN LUTTRELL, March 28, 1867;
MICHAEL LYNCH, September 28, 1868;
PETER LYNCH, February 25, 1867;
JOHN McCANN, November 9, 1865;
CATHARINE McCARTHY, June 14, 1867; were all natives of IRELAND who were buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Oakland on the dates given. (St. M. C.)
The J. McCANN listed as member of the City Council of Oakland in 1852-'59 is possibly the JOHN McCANN mentioned above. (Wood, page 717).
"DENNIS McCARTHY, native of IRELAND, 87; came in 1857; died in Oakland, Alameda county, survived by two sons." (Grizzly Bear Magazine, September, 1927. page 44)
ROBERT McCUTCHEON; born in IRELAND in 1840; was a teamster in Oakland in the late '60s, living on the northeast corner of Eighth and Franklin streets. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
JAMES McELROY; born in 1805 in IRELAND; came to California in the early days and took up farming in Oakland Township. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
JAMES McGEE came from IRELAND to Oakland in pioneer days and became a farmer. (Thpmpson [sic] & West, p. 167)
B. McGRATH, who was a retired farmer in 1874, emigrated from IRELAND in 1857. He owned fifty acres of land in the Temescal region (North Oakland). (Thompson & West, p. 167).
ROBERT H. MAGILL; born in IRELAND, was a fire underwriter of Oakland in early days. He left his native country for California in 1862, coming to Oakland in 1868. His business was in Oakland and his home in Alameda. (Stilwell's Directory) (Thompson & West, p. 167)
"MRS. MARY McISAACS, a native of IRELAND, 99; came via the Horn in 1853 and in 1857 took up her residence in Oakland where she died, survived by six children." (Grizzly Bear Magazine, April 1922, p. 22)
HONORABLE SAMUEL BELL McKEE was born in IRELAND in 1821. While he was still a small boy his family migrated from Ireland to the southern United States where he was reared. In 1853 he came to California and began the practice of law in Oakland, rising in a few years to the office of County Judge and later to that of District Judge of the Third District. Many widely known court cases of early Oakland were tried before Judge McKee. (Halley, p. 535) (Court records) (Wood, pp. 224-964)
JOHN M. McPEAK; of IRISH birth. Buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Oakland, California, in 1864. (St. M. C.)
DENNIS MAHONEY; also from IRELAND, was buried in Oakland in 1865. (St. M. C.)
TIMOTHY MAHONEY migrated from IRELAND to the Temescal region of Oakland in 1868, where he took up farming. (Thompson & West, p. 167).
MICHAEL MADIGAN; born in IRELAND; buried in Oakland in 1866. (St. M. C.)
JOHN MATHEWS, a Brooklyn Township (East Oakland) farmer, came here from IRELAND in 1854. (Thompson & West, p. 169).
PETER MATHEWS; born in County Meath, IRELAND, in 1821. He arrive in California in 1850. Engaged in mining and stock raising in other sections of California until 1856 when he came to Alameda county to take up farming in Oakland Township. He was identified with some of Oakland's banks and many of its business enterprises and was always considered one of Oakland's wealthy men. He died at his residence on San Pablo Avenue in 1879. (Wood, p. 934)
MARGARET MILLER, a native of IRELAND, was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Oakland on February 19, 1867 (St. M. C.)
MRS. MAGGIE CASSIDY MOORE was born in IRELAND. She came to Oakland and in 1863 was wedded to W. W. Moore. They were the parents of two daughters. (Wood, p. 947)
JOHN MURPHY, native of IRELAND, was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Oakland on November 27, 1868. (St. M. C.)
JOHN MURPHY, another native of IRELAND, migrated to this country in 1853 and became a farmer in Brooklyn Township (East Oakland), was still living in 1878 when Thompson & West's Atlas was published. (Thompson & West, p. 169)
JOHN J. MURPHY, the third IRISH-born resident of early Oakland bearing the name John Murphy, was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in 1869. (St. M. C.)
In the same year the names of MAY MURPHY and MARY MURPHY, both born in IRELAND, were added to the growing list of interments at St. Mary's Cemetery-the first on May 3, 1869 and the second on October 3, 1869. (St. M. C.)
TIMOTHY MURPHY, another IRISH immigrant, was buried on February 8, 1868 at St. Mary's Cemetery. (St. M. C.)
DAVID NELON, from IRELAND; buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Oakland, in 1863. (St. M .C.)
L. M. NEWSOM arrived in California from IRELAND in 1859; moved to Brooklyn (East Oakland) in 1861, where he became a nurseryman and florist. (Thompson & West, p. 169)
"JOHN NICHOLL, who came to California in 1853, and engaged in farming in Alameda County, later establishing Point Richmond, died at Oakland July 28th. He is said to have built the first brick building in Oakland. . . [sic] Deceased was a native of IRELAND, aged 92 years, and is survived by eight children." (Grizzly Bear Magazine, September, 1914, page 20).
PATRICK NOLAN (June 18) and JAMES NOLAN (February 24) were buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Oakland in 1869. Both were born in IRELAND (St. M. C.)
TERRENCE O'BRIEN a native of IRELAND, came to California in 1849. He carried on his trade as a carpenter and builder in San Francisco, although he was a resident of Oakland most of that time. He died in 1871. (The Bay of San Francisco, vol. II, p. 134)
ARTO O'HARA; born in IRELAND, buried on August 21, 1868, in Oakland. (M. V. C.)
WILLIAM O'NIELL was born in Donegal, IRELAND, about the year 1860. He located on forty acres of land between Oakland and Berkeley and later on followed the example of other owners and surveyed and sold building lots. His wife, MARGARET DONAGAN O'NIELL was also a native of the Emerald Isle. (The Bay of San Francisco, vol. II, p. 26)
MARGARET O'ROKE was born in IRELAND, came to America and was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Oakland on November 8, 1867. (St. M. C.)
ROBERT PARKE was a native of County Westmeath, IRELAND; born in 1826. When he was 15 he came to America and settled in Indiana. After serving against Mexico in the United States Army he came to California in the gold rush days of '49. In 1853, after his marriage, he established a home in Oakland. He went to the mines, was quite successful, and returning, bought a home in Fruitvale, now a part of Oakland. (Guinn, vol. II, p. 800)
SAMUEL G. PERCY was born in IRELAND in 1807 and came to Oakland in 1853. In the late '60's he was living on the west side of San Pablo Avenue between Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Streets. In 1866-'67 he was road commissioner of Oakland Township. He was a member of Company F, Third United States Artillery (V518). (Bancroft's History of California, vol. IV) (M. V. C.) (Stilwell's Directory) (Wood, p. 232)
A. D. PRYAL came from IRELAND and in 1853 settled in Oakland Township where he became a fruit grower in the north Temescal region. (Thompson & West, p. 167)
MICHAEL QUIGLEY who came from his native IRELAND to this country was living on Webster street near Eighteenth in the late '60s. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
PATRICK QUILL was born in 1828 in IRELAND. His burial in St. Mary's Cemeter, Oakland, is recorded on October 12, 1870. (St. M. C.)
MARY REAGAN; born in IRELAND, buried in Oakland, California, December 29, 1869. (St. M. C.)
PATRICK REDMOND, a native of IRELND, born in 1836, was a resident of Oakland in the late '60s, living at Oakland Point and employed by the Central Pacific Railroad Company. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
The following natives of IRELAND are listed in the files of St. Mary's Cemetery:
BRIDGET RIORDAN, April 25, 1864;
WILLIAM ROACH, May 24, 1868;
MICHAEL ROACHE, August 14, 1870;
PATRICK F. ROONEY, April 2, 1866;
JOHANNA RYAN, May 7, 1864.
"MRS. MARY SANDERSON, a native of IRELAND, aged nearly 94 years, who came to California in 1849 and for fifty-five years resided in one place in Oakland, passed away at Los Gatos, where she resided the past eight years." (Grizzly Bear Magazine, March 1912, p. 23)
JOHN SCOTT was born in IRELAND in 1829. He came to California via Cape Horn on the ship Tonquin, arriving on November 17, 1849. On February 5, 1867, he signed the membership roll of the Society of California Pioneers as No. 1682, residence Oakland, occupation carpenter. (Register of California Pioneers, San Francisco.)
ADELINE ALICE SHEFRY came from IRELAND. Buried March 9, 1867, in Oakland, California. (St. M. C.)
"MRS. MARGARET STILES-GROSS, a native of IRELAND, 90; since 1858 a resident of Oakland, Alameda county, where she died; three children survive." (Grizzly Bear Magazine, April, 1934, p. 9)
ELLEN SULLIVAN, native of IRELAND, also found her last resting place in Oakland, January 20, 1859. (St. M. C.)
WILLIAM TAYLOR of IRELAND, worked for the Oakland Flour Mills, on Broadway between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets. His residence in the late '60s was on Thirteenth Street between Broadway and Franklin Streets. (Stilwell's Directory) (M. V. C.)
WILLIAM THOMPSON, a native of IRELAND. Buried in Oakland, October 20, 1866. (St. M. C.)
MICHAEL TOOMEY; born in 1836 in IRELAND; died in Oakland, July 20, 1866. (M. V. C.)
PATRICK W. TREACY was born in County Galway, IRELAND, and came to Oakland in 1869. He became successful in the painting and decorating business, employing 6 to 8 men throughout the year. (Guinn, vol. II, p. 786)
MRS. MARY HIGGINS TREACY, also from IRELAND, married Patrick W. Treacy (recorded above). Eight children were born of this union: Nora, Mary, Helen, Eugene, Agnes, Thomas, Stephen, and Wilfred. (Guinn, vol. II, p. 786)
MRS. ALICE SHEEHAN VAN HALTREN was born in County Waterford, IRELAND. She married Peter Van Haltren, who in 1869 came to find a home for his family, then in St. Louis, Mo. She and her children joined her husband in Oakland on New Year's Day, 1870. They lived at First and Franklin Streets with their seven children. (Beo. E. Van Haltren, son, 552 Merrimac, Oakland)
ROBERT WAINWRIGHT, age 36, and JOHN WALSH, both born in IRELAND, were buried in Oakland in 1868 (St. M. C.)
M. J. WALSH, came from IRELAND to California in 1853 and to Brooklyn Township (East Oakland) in 1860. He became a farmer. (Thompson & West, p. 169)
CATHARINE WILLIAMS, October 17, 1870;
MARGARET WILSON, May 12, 1864;
BRIDGET WOODS, 1865; all natives of IRELAND; were buried in St. Mary's Cemetery on the dates given. (St. M. C.)
